2010), it can be argued that viability is inherently more accurate than vitality as a measure of invasive potential and that alternative BWT regulations based on viable cells, as compared with living cells, should provide equal protection to the environment while allowing the effectiveness of UV treatment systems at rendering cells harmless to be assessed more accurately. Since a living, but nonreproductive, microbe is ecologically as good as dead (i.e., it is not a viable propagule, a term used by Reavie et al. Consequently, organisms that have been rendered harmless through treatment with UV would be compliant with the intentions of BWT regulations but living and thus noncompliant according to the regulations themselves. As a result, cells that have been effectively treated with UV can be intact and metabolically active-that is, living-but incapable of reproduction and thus nonviable (First and Drake 2013a). 2006) that inactivates microbes by destroying their ability to reproduce but without necessarily killing them outright. One method, irradiation with ultraviolet radiation (UV, particularly ultraviolet-C), is a proven and widely-applied technology for disinfection of wastewater and drinking water (Hijnen et al. The distinction between viable, which for our discussion we define as being reproductive, and living, i.e., showing signs of vitality, has important implications for the evaluation of ballast water treatment (BWT) systems.
The USCG acknowledges that the two standards are slightly different (US Coast Guard 2012) but points out that for the purpose of their approval guidelines, the IMO defines “viable” as “living” (see International Maritime Organization Marine Environment Protection Committee 2008). Two size classes of plankton are subject to regulation, classified by size: ≥50, and ≥10 and 50 μm size range. Ships will have to treat ballast water to meet regulatory discharge standards. The convention has yet to be ratified, but the US Coast Guard (USCG) has established national regulation of systems to “kill, render harmless, or remove” organisms from ballast water discharge (US Coast Guard 2012). In response to the threats from continued introductions of aquatic invasive species, the United Nations International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (IMO 2004). We conclude that with careful evaluation, SDC-MPN is potentially an effective method for assessing the viability of phytoplankton after BWT. Thorough consideration of sources of error leads to recommendations for minimizing and quantifying uncertainties by optimizing growth conditions and conducting systematic comparisons. Importantly, viable cells need to grow only enough to be detected, not to be brought into sustained culture, and competition between species in a dilution tube is irrelevant as long as the winner is detectable. A review of the literature shows that although SDC-MPN has been used for more than 50 years-generally to identify and count phytoplankton species that cannot be preserved-its application to enumerate total viable phytoplankton seems to be new, putting past criticisms of the method in a different light. But, the method has been criticized, particularly because it is thought that many phytoplankton species cannot be cultured.
#Serial dilution sources of error in measurement definition serial
In principle, the serial dilution culture-most probable number (SDC-MPN) method provides the appropriate measure for phytoplankton. An alternative evaluation of BWT can be proposed based on the assessment of viable, rather than living, cells in discharge water. Consequently, UV-treated discharge can be compliant with the intent of regulation while failing a live/dead test. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) stops the reproduction of microorganisms without killing them outright they are living, but not viable, and ecologically as good as dead. Discharge standards for ballast water treatment (BWT) systems are based on concentrations of living cells, for example, as determined with vital stains.
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